East turkestan xinjiang Today, East Turkestan is an autonomous region of China. Xinjiang has only been a Chinese province in its own right since its annexation by the Qing empire in the late nineteenth century in a very troubled context, a Republic of East Turkestan was proclaimed and then quickly crushed by the Hui (Chinese Muslim) warlords allied to the Kuomintang. ETIM is said to want to Islamic Republic About the Islamic Republic of Uighuristan. This analyses how the party-state turns external cultural boundaries inward, demarcating ethno-spatial boundaries between sub-regions that are more and Outside of the camps, the eleven million Uyghurs living in Xinjiang—officially called the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region—have continued to suffer from a decades-long crackdown by Chinese East Turkestan Independence Movement Social Context and Shape of the Movement The East Turkestan Independence Movement first began to take shape in 1933. The ETIM has been accused of numerous bombings in China and elsewhere. Commonly known as the ‘Three Effendis’, Footnote 1 Buğra, Alptekin and Baykozi were anti-Soviet, pan-Turkic leaders who vehemently opposed the SETR, a Soviet satellite state in Xinjiang. It is located in Asia . Center for Turkish Studies, College of Liberal Arts and Institute of Global Studies, Shanghai University, (what is currently called) the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region (XUAR) People’s Republic of China unfolded through the decade following Mustafa Kemal Atatürk’s death . It is home to a number of Turkic ethnic groups, the largest of which are the Uyghurs. For over Brief History East Turkistan, the Uyghur homeland, is referred to as the ‘Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region’ by the Chinese regime. png (file redirect) for Eastern Turkestan (Xinjiang) independ-ence as a domestic problem. This store in Istanbul In 1949, China, led by the Communist Party, gained control of East Turkistan, now known as Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region. shown) In modern separatist usage, [25] "Uyghuristan", which means "land of the Uyghurs", is a synonym for Xinjiang or a potential state in Xinjiang, [48] like "East Turkestan". File:Flag of Xinjiang Uyghur (East Turkestan). The name given to it is unambiguous The TIP's militant wing, the East Turkestan Islamic Movement (ETIM), is reportedly associated with al Qaeda. I was surprised that the republic of Turkestan in Russia was classified as Chinese. It was formed after a Soviet-brokered peace agreement between the Republic of China (ROC) and the breakaway Second East Turkestan Republic (ETR). Islamic Republic About the Islamic Republic of Uighuristan. From Bitter Winter:. China’s concern stems from credible reports of the Turkestan Islamic Party (TIP) fighting alongside HTS. The Taliban has relocated ethnic Uyghur militants from an area close to Afghanistan's small border with China. ” Issues & Studies [Taiwan], 34/7 (1998): 33-61. Mandate of ETGE is to restore East Turkestan’s independence and ensure that it emerges as a democracy that is secular and pluralistic and which ensure human rights and liberty for all. Xinjiang internment camps / Persecution of Uyghurs in China The first republic served as an example for the second, lengthier republic founded in 1944, following the Ili Rebellion in Xinjiang. China has often blamed ETIM - the East Turkestan Islamic Movement - or people inspired by ETIM for violent incidents both in Xinjiang and beyond the region's borders. However, the Uyghurs are denied self-governance, with the Chinese Turkey and the ‘Three Effendis’ prior to the conclusion of World War II. A look back at the history of East Turkestan and the geopolitics of Central Asia The Uighur question has suddenly become a stake in the political struggle in Belgium, Xinjiang has only been a Chinese province in its own right since its annexation by the Qing empire in the late nineteenth century [2]. The term was coined in the 19th century by Russian Turkologists, including Nikita Bichurin, who intended the name to replace the common Western term for the region, "Chinese Turkestan", which referred to the Tarim Second East Turkestan Republic (1939–1949) Serdar Yurtcicek . East Turkestan, also known as the “Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region,” is a Central Asian region rich in Uyghur history, culture, and civilization. Uyghurs who have fled persecution in China are preserving their culture in exile. Whereas previous scholars were limited to a source base consisting chiefly of Anglo-American consular archives, published Chinese newspaper accounts, and the memoirs of exiled Turkic refugees, a new generation of historians has been able to make ample use of East Turkestan is an area of 1. The SETR, which lasted from 12 November 1944 to 22 December 1949, was led consecutively by two pro At the time, Xinjiang was ruled by a coalition government based in Dihua (present-day Ürümqi), which consisted of Chinese Nationalists (Kuomintang, KMT) and the leadership of the former Second East Turkestan Republic (ETR), a satellite state of the Soviet Union which controlled the "Three Districts" in northern Xinjiang from 1944 to 1946 Introduction. Since then, China’s continued rise Executive Summary: Through television broadcasts overseas, like Jongugu Sapar in Kyrgyzstan, the People’s Republic of China (PRC) presents an image of ethnic harmony and economic development in Xinjiang, downplaying or omitting signs of colonialism, forced labor, or suppression of Turkic cultural identity. The republic of Turkestan was the successor state of the imperial province of Turkestan, mainly the modern Wang Ke’s detailed reading of 20thcentury Chinese and Uyghur sources, complemented by Japanese secondary materials, informs a valuable account of the Sheng Shicai era in Xinjiang, the shortlived Eastern Turkestan movement of 1933–1934 and especially of the Eastern Turkestan Republic that governed northern Xinjiang from 1944 to 1949, a state The Turkestan Islamic Party, a group also called the East Turkestan Islamic Movement (ETIM), fights for the establishment of a fundamentalist Islamic State of East Turkestan in China’s Xinjiang East Turkestan is now occupied militarily by China and officially called the Xinjiang region of northwestern China. A second attempt at independence took place in 1949 The Turkic Islamic Republic of East Turkestan (TIRET) was an independent republic centered on the city of Kashgar, located in the far west of Xinjiang Province. Failing to Unify Xinjiang (not annexing Kumul and East Turkestan in 300 days, ie. The second East Turkestan Republic, which lasted until 1949 --East Turkestan--Starting Situation Focus Trees. Khotan rugs, also known as Samarkand or Eastern Turkestan rugs, originate from the region of Khotan (Hotan) in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of western China. This study examines Türkiye’s diplomatic communications, with a focus on its foreign policy towards the Turkic Islamic Republic of East Turkestan (TIRET), which was established in Northwest China’s Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous The second section analyses official explanations of violence and protest in Xinjiang through East Turkestan and 'inside/outside Three Evils' ('terrorism, separatism, and extremism') narratives. It was conquered by China in the middle of the 18th century, around the same time the British took Bengal, their first A number of flags have been used to represent the cultural and geographical region of East Turkestan in Central Asia, particularly by states that broke away from China during rebellions in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Kumul Rebellion (1931–1934) Kirghiz rebellion (1932) Battle of Aksu (1933) Kizil massacre (1933) They used to fight China as part of the East Turkestan Islamic Movement but rebranded as the Turkistan Islamic Party some years back. But Xinjiang has an ancient history as a culturally diverse Xinjiang is the homeland of the Uighurs, a Turkic speaking race whose genetic roots are entwined with the development of the early Silk Road and who share little in common with their Han Chinese overlords. 6 million square kilometres The region of Xinjiang in China has been subject to armed clashes and terrorist attacks throughout the 1990s by separatist militants particularly the Eastern Turkestan Islamic Movement (ETIM). " The Xinjiang Wars (Chinese: 新疆戰爭) were a series of armed conflicts which took place within Xinjiang in the Republic of China during the Warlord Era, Chinese Civil War, and modern era. The name given to East Turkestan by China is Xinjiang, which is translated as 'New Territory', thus suggesting its late expropriation. along roads, rail, inland waterways, and, more recently, policy loosening under China’s market and hukou reforms. Since those days Uyghur freedom fighters and their supporters have rejected the name of Xinjiang Historically, Xinjiang, as the eastern extension of the Muslim world in China, was closer to the center of the Muslim world rather than the Confucian civilization in China proper. ETIM is said to want to The first problem we face when dealing with the history of the Uyghurs and the area known as the Tarim Basin, later called Xinjiang (or East Turkestan, by the Uyghurs), is that it is defined by two opposites ideological narratives aimed at justifying the actions and positions of the respective sides, not at conducting a real historical analysis The East Turkestan movement in Xinjiang: a Chinese potential source of instability? Singapore: East Asia Institute, National University of Singapore, 1998. East Turkestan's administration was seized by the Communist Party in the same year that Chinese General Tao and the head of the regional government, Burhan Shahidi, both surrendered. Beijing's policy of settling Han Chinese in [Note: This article makes some use of the administrative term “Xinjiang”, not in recognition of China’s claimed sovereignty but as an administrative description for a sprawling region. Salih Hudayar, who has lived in the USA for many This story was amended to remove a quote that was incorrectly attributed to Rukiye Turdush and to amend one of the references in a direct quote to East Turkestan rather than Xinjiang. Oh boy, oh boy, I can hear all the triggers going off. C. The driving force behind the sporadic riots in Xinjiang is the East Turkestan independence movement. Khotan is an oasis city along the southern portion of the ancient Silk Road. The TIP, also known as the East Turkestan Islamic Movement (ETIM), is a Uyghur separatist group with origins in China’s restive western province of Xinjiang and deep ties to al-Qaeda and its affiliated groups. ETIM has reportedly committed over 200 acts of terrorism between 1990 and 2001, resulting in at least 162 deaths and over 440 injuries. Its stated goals are to establish an Islamic state in Xinjiang and Central Asia. shown) In modern separatist usage, [26] "Uyghuristan", which means "land of the Uyghurs", is a synonym for Xinjiang or a potential state in Xinjiang, [49] like "East Turkestan". The territorial size is 1,818,000 square kilometers which is 5 times the size of Germany, This year is 60 years of communist Chinese occupation of East Eastern Turkestan (Xinjiang, in Chinese) is a vast country located in the confines of Central and East Asia. 6 million square kilometers, constituting one-sixth of People's Republic of China's entire territory. It is one of the westernmost cities of China, located near the country's border with Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. Its stated goals are the independence of East Turkestan. Uyghur activists often refer to this region as East Turkistan, a quite fair claim that this usage is in no way intended to contest: for purely descriptive purposes, [] East Turkestan is a releasable located in Western China. Nearly Ms. The background of pan-Turkism & pan-Islamism has promoted the East Turkestan movement. The “autonomous” region of China whose largest ethnic group is Uyghurs, with another 7% of Ethnic Kazakhs, and Islam as the majority religion. edu ABSTRACT A major institution for the ethnic Han (Chinese) colonisation of Xinjiang is the Production and Construction Corps. This fifth documentary focuses on previously classified The Uyghurs of Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region—or East Turkestan, as many Uyghurs call their Indigenous homeland in northwestern China, are a Muslim ethnic group whose culture and identity are being systematically destroyed by the Chinese state. The term "East Turkestan" is primarily used by, and is associated with, Uyghur separatists (diasporic protest in Washington, D. Like some separatist countryballs, Xinjiang is part of an organization called UNPOball under the name East Turkestanball. Until the 1950s, Uyghurs were the majority ethnic group in the region, accounting The first of these was published by the Information Office of the PRC State Council in January 2002, under the title: “East Turkestan Terrorist Forces Cannot Get Away with Impunity. The following is taken from Wikipedia which is licensed under CC-BY-SA 3. The Xinjiang-Uighur Autonomous Region (also commonly referred to as East Turkestan) and Central Asia make up one ethnic-cultural region, historically called Turkestan. "East Turkestan" was used traditionally to only refer to the Tarim Basin, and not Xinjiang as a whole, with Dzungaria being excluded from the area consisting of "East Turkestan". There is no evidence that events in Xinjiang are tied to outside forces, whether Uyghur exiles or international Islamist networks. The report also indicates that “allegations of patterns The Kumul Rebellion (Chinese: 哈密暴動; pinyin: Hāmì bàodòng; lit. In the 1990s, there were attacks linked to the East Turkestan Islamic Movement (ETIM), a group advocating for violence to create an independent state of East Turkestan to replace Xinjiang. ⠀⠀⠀ Xinjiang lies on the farthest reaches of the Qing Dynasty, in the Chinese Northwest. The land of East Turkistan gave birth to many great civilizations and The East Turkestan Republic (ETR) was a satellite state of the Soviet Union in northern Xinjiang (East Turkestan) that existed from 1944 to 1946. ETIM is an extremist group of Uyghurs that seeks to establish a sovereign nation (East Turkestan) in the Chinese Xinjiang province. [7]In 1996, the Chinese government initiated a "Strike Hard" campaign to Abstract. Credits. His father was Şehzade Mehmed Selim, [1] son of Abdul Hamid II and Bedrifelek Kadın, and his mother was Selim's fourth consort Nilüfer Hanım, [2] an Abkhazian. As Xinjiang is busy with its war with Kumul, Uyghurs in the south west, after a few scattered revolts, will rise up united as East Turkestan under President Sabit Damulla Abdulbaki and his benefactors the influential Bughra family. The region was conquered under the Manchu Qing dynasty, who named the region “New Frontier,” or Xinjiang. China’s Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, also known as the Uyghur Region or East Turkestan, is home to millions of Uyghur Muslims and other ethnic and religious minorities. Central Asian Survey, p. In 1933–34 and again in 1944–49, Turkic nationalists set up independent republics, based respectively in the town of Kashghar in the far west and the town of Ghulja in the Yili River valley in the north. During a recent briefing at the UN, a senior envoy from China put an emphasis on controlling the Uyghur fighters who had initially vowed to English: Seypidin Azizi, the first Chairman of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, mentions the display of a green flag charged with a star and crescent in Ghulja (Yining), during the time of the (Second) East Turkestan Republic (1944–1946). In the history of Xinjiang, the Qing rule was established in the final phase of the Dzungar–Qing Wars when the Dzungar Khanate was conquered by the The Coalition Government of Xinjiang Province (Chinese: 新疆省聯合政府; pinyin: Xīnjiāng Shěng Liánhé Zhèngfǔ) was the governing body of China's Xinjiang Province from 1946 to 1947. In 1933 (when the Chinese central government had de facto ceased to exist) there was a short-lived state country in present day Xinjiang with names "Republic of Uighuristan" or "Islamic Republic of East Turkestan" (both names were used although the state existed for less than one year). The Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region is home to the East Turkestan Islamic Movement (ETIM) and its less fundamentalist affiliates, who In 1877, the Qing invaded East Turkestan; in 1884, they formally annexed it as “Xinjiang,” meaning “new territory” in Mandarin. The World Uyghur Congress and other Uyghur organizations do not accept the name Xinjiang, which means “New Frontier” or “New Authority and Power:: Political Structure of the East Turkestan Republic in Wartime Download; XML; The Meeting Point of Nationalism and Communism:: Soviet Backdrop to the Expansion of the East Turkestan Republic Download; XML; International Politics and the Tragedy of the Republic:: Behind the Scenes of the Xinjiang Peace Talks Download; XML In a recent development it has been revealed that China has issued warnings for the rebel leaders at Syria. On January 19, 2021 , the United States formally declared and recognized that the Chinese Communist Party is committing genocide within the region. [6] These include a string of bombings in Urumqi and Kuqa in 1992, with attacks escalating in 1995. Although very short-lived, these governments were crucial for the development of Uyghur nationalism. The genocide policy implemented by the Chinese Communist Party in Xinjiang/East Turkestan is still continuing with all its violence. Like me, they are all ethnically Uyghur. You can view the article it was taken from here. Under the Soviet Shadow: The Yining Incident; Ethnic Conflicts and International The two republics of Eastern Turkestan. The Chinese foreign ministry announced the measures on Sunday, stating they took effect on Saturday. SEYMOUR1 East Asia Institute Columbia University New York NY 10027, USA E-Mail: seymour@columbia. The region is East Turkistan, also known as the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of China, lies in the very heart of Asia. It began as a revolution in three northern districts (Ili, Tarbaghatai, Altai) of Xinjiang province of the Republic of China. 5%) The East Turkestan Islamic Movement (ETIM) is a Muslim separatist group founded by militant Uighurs, members of the Turkic-speaking ethnic majority in northwest China’s Xinjiang province. svg (file redirect) File:Pseudohedron with no vertex visible from center. turkey is the bad boy in most of the troubles in central asia and china’s xinjiang region, and thats on top of the CIA-USA destabilisation operations there – the chinese know it, so are the ‘stans and The issue of the treatment of ethnic Uyghurs in Xinjiang (commonly referred to in Turkey as “East Turkestan”) used to be the biggest thorn in Sino-Turkish relations, with then-Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan’s “almost genocide” remark in 2009 leading to an all-time low in bilateral diplomacy. But while Central Asia was colonized by Russians, East Turkestan was colonized by the Chinese. He was one of the leaders of the Ili Rebellion of 1944, which led to the founding of the Second East Turkestan Republic (ETR) in northern Xinjiang. Şehzade Mehmed Abdülkerim was born on 26 June 1906 in the Yıldız Palace. Being the largest province-level division of China by area and the 8th-largest country subdivision in the world, Xinjiang spans over 1. Eastern Turkistan (Xinjiang) region is one Sunday market in Khotan. Every historical event has its elements of chance, but how was the Boulger and published in London in 1878, refers to southern Xinjiang as “Eastern or Chinese Turkestan, Over the past decade, scholarship on Xinjiang (or East Turkestan) has undergone remarkable changes. Some Uighurs call China’s presence in Xinjiang a form of imperialism, and there have been movements for independence since the1990s through separatist groups like the East Turkestan Islamic Map of East Turkestan (Xinjiang); prefectures with a Uyghur majority are in blue. Other peoples include the Kazakhs (6. ” Historically, Xinjiang province has been briefly independent twice (1931-1934 and 1944-1949), claiming the name "East Turkistan Republic. This consensus is based on diverse streams of reporting and evidence. The wars also played an important role in the East Turkestan independence movement. Several of the attacks were orchestrated by the Turkistan Islamic Party (formerly the East Turkestan Islamic Movement) which has been designated a terrorist organization by several countries including Russia, [79] Turkey, [80] [81] the United Kingdom, [82] and the United States (until 2020), [83] in addition to the United Nations. The region is often referred to as Chinese Turkestan or East Turkestan, due to its ethnic links to Central Asia and specifically Turkestan. China’s far-western region of Xinjiang — called East Turkestan by Uyghurs — is a essentially a colony that China has occupied for the past 70 years, but before that there has not been any How Chinese Turkestan Became Chinese: Visualizing Zhang Zhizhong's Tianshan Pictorial and Xinjiang Youth Song and Dance Troupe - Volume 67 Issue 2. We prefer to use the The Manchu-led Qing dynasty of China ruled over Xinjiang from the late 1750s to 1912. The Chinese writer and activist Wang Lixiong mentions in his 2007 book My West China, Your East Turkestan that while some of Xinjiang’s Han residents laud Sheng Shicai’s methods, Uyghurs often angrily drew parallels between the savage 20 th century warlord and Wang Lequan the hardline CCP General Secretary of Xinjiang from 1994 in 2010. Starting in the 20th century, Uyghur separatists and their supporters used East Turkestan as an appellation for the whole of Xinjiang (the Tarim Basin and Dzungaria) or for a future independent state in present-day Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region. Since 2014, the Chinese Communist Party has perpetuated human rights abuses against Uyghurs and other Turkic Muslim minorities in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region under the guise of anti-terrorism and anti-extremism—subjecting them to forced labor, mass detention, and land transfers. The neighboring Muslim Chinese of the Ma Family invaded in support of Kumul, but eventually fell out with the native Uyghur people. Xinjiang’s demographic and anthropic complexion is more complex than we tend to currently believe: according to China's 2000 census-taking, 40% of the population of East Turkestan-Xinjiang is Han Chinese, while the remaining 60% is Uyghur, Kazakh, Kyrgyz or Oirat. The region is home to various ethnic groups, including the Uighurs, Kazaks, and other Turkic peoples. In 1933 (when the Chinese central government had de facto ceased to exist) there was a short-lived state country in present day Xinjiang with names "Republic of The Chinese communists established the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region in the territory of East Turkistan. Northern Xinjiang – Dzungaria (yellow) Eastern Xinjiang – Turpan and Hami (red) Southern Xinjiang – Tarim Basin (blue) Northern Xinjiang – Dzungaria, Turpan, and Hami (red) Southern Xinjiang – Tarim Basin (blue) Southern Xinjiang or Although North Korea remains the world’s least free country and China continues to crackdown on dissent, including in Hong Kong, East Turkistan, and Tibet where it has virtually eliminated political rights, and exert its influence in the region, The group seeks to establish an Islamist Uyghur separatist state called "East Turkestan" across Xinjiang, where ETIM waged a violent campaign from the late 1990s through the early 2010s. ” 13 It Kashgar (Uyghur: قەشقەر) or Kashi (Chinese: 喀什) is a city in the Tarim Basin region of southern Xinjiang, China. Xinjiang is a vast region with an area of 1. Since 2014, China's ongoing genocide and crimes against humanity in East Turkestan (Xinjiang province) have escalated to include the mass internment of over three million Uyghurs and other Turkic East Turkestan—the Xinjiang region of China—is the homeland of the Uyghur population. The dissolution of the ETR coincided with Some even suggested that Fidan’s choice to wear an azure tie and white shirt during his stay was a gesture of solidarity toward the Uyghurs, as these colors are those of the flag of the short-lived and unrecognized East Turkestan Republic (1933–1934) and of many Uyghur rights and independence movements. Eastern Turkestan (Xinjiang, in Chinese) is a vast country located in the confines of Central and East Asia. Aimed not only at cultural preservation but also at Eastern Turkestan independ- The East Turkestan independence movement, also known as the Xinjiang separatist movement or the Uyghur independence movement, is a political movement that seeks independence for Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, a large and sparsely-populated national autonomous region of the People's Republic of China Lasting from 1933-1934, the Turkic-Islamic Republic of Eastern Turkestan (TIRET) was the culmination of various rebellions in Xinjiang, China. Xinjiang means new territory and is a colonialist title that Uyghur people do not use. 5%) currently make up the majority of the population. The group’s activities were mostly restricted to conducting attacks on the Chinese state - that is until 2013, when it emerged as a player in the Syrian war. Although China claims to have had possession of what is today Xinjiang since the late 18th Century, in reality it did not truly obtain East Turkestan until the 20th Century. The background of pan-Turkism and pan-Islamism has promoted the East The East Turkestan Islamic Movement (ETIM, also known as the Turkistan Islamic Party, Turkistan Islamic Movement, and other names); is a Waziri based mujahideen organization. This strong linkage, combined Abbas spoke on population discrepancies, cultural history, and the genocidal practices Uyghurs face daily in Xinjiang, also known as East Turkestan. The report also indicates that “allegations of patterns of torture, or ill Its inhabitants refer to their country as Turkestan or East Turkestan. The movement behind the First East Turkestan Republic, which was established in Xinjiang’s Kashgar area, grew out of a desire to strengthen the state of education amongst Uyghurs and came to a For many years scholars in Russia, China, and the West have debated the extent of Soviet involvement in the rebellion that took place in northern Xinjiang and led to the creation of the East Turkestan Republic, a de facto independent state that existed from 1944-1949. Abbas, along with Ehmetjan Qasim, headed the Marxist faction within the In recent decades, the extremist independence group, East Turkestan Islamic Party, has fueled conflict within the region, with Chinese authorities cracking down on ethnic Uyghurs in response. This genocide policy is felt in every aspect of life, from the placement of Uyghurs in concentration camps to forced sterilization, from the rape of women to the separation of children from their Wang Ke’s detailed reading of twentieth-century Chinese and Uyghur sources, complemented by Japanese secondary materials, informs a valuable account of the Sheng Shicai era in Xinjiang, the short-lived Eastern Turkestan movement of 1933–1934 and especially of the Eastern Turkestan Republic that governed northern Xinjiang from 1944 to 1949 No, the fact that the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) government is engaging in massive human rights violations in East Turkestan (Xinjiang) is recognized by essentially all independent media and academics around the world, outside of censored media environments. It has been under the rule of Governor Yang Zengxin since 1912 after a revolt ousted the Qing Governor. It emerged from the Kumul Rebellion following the abolition of the semi-autonomous Kumul The term "East Turkestan" is primarily used by, and is associated with, Uyghur separatists (diasporic protest in Washington, D. The East Turkestan Islamic Movement (ETIM) Authors: Beina Xu, Online Writer/Editor, Holly Fletcher, and Jayshree Bajoria Updated: September 4, 2014 Introduction The East Turkestan Islamic Movement (ETIM) is a Muslim separatist group founded by militant Uighurs, members of the Turkic-speaking ethnic majority in northwest China's Xinjiang Historical Map of South & Southwest Asia (12 December 1933 - First East Turkestan Republic: In 1931 the warlord-ruled Chinese province of Xinjiang fell into civil war when the former khanate of Kumul revolted against the government. The Xinjiang conflict (Chinese: 新疆冲突, Pinyin: xīnjiāng chōngtú), also known as the East Turkistan conflict, Uyghur–Chinese conflict or Sino The East Turkestan independence movement is a political movement that seeks the independence of East Turkestan, a large and sparsely-populated region in northwest China, as a nation state for the Uyghur people. It has an area of 1,664,900 km2 and a population of 21,813,334 Isa Wishup Alptekin (1901-1995), a member of the Kuomintang of the Second East Turkestan Republic in Xinjiang Province, went into exile in Turkey after the leadership of the Xinjiang Peace and Democracy Defense League, led by Ehmetjan Qasim (Әхмәтҗан Қасим), died in a suspicious accident while visiting the Soviet Union in September 1949, fearing that Munawwar was asking God to ease their pain and to alleviate the hardships the Chinese government was inflicting on their families. It emerged from the Ili Rebellion in three Ms. Xinjiang: (Officially the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region). In his biographical work The Eagle of Tengri Tagh – The Life of Abdulkerim Abbas, Azizi describes a meeting he had The Second East Turkestan Republic and the USSR (1944–1949) Turkey and its overseas representatives viewed the Xinjiang issue as more than just a matter of Uyghur independence The embassy stressed that Xinjiang has never been "East Turkestan" according to history, which the embassy amply elaborated on in the letter. All are refugees from East Turkestan, a nation that’s been under the occupation of China since 1949 and what Chinese government calls Xinjiang (meaning new territory). The Kumul Uyghurs were loyalists of the Kumul Khanate and wanted to restore the heir to the Khanate and overthrow Jin. During this time the missionaries led many Turkic Uighur Muslims to Christ and established churches in Kashgar, Hancheng, Jarkend (Yarkand) and Jengi- Their homeland is what is now the northwestern corner of China, officially known as the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region (hereafter ‘Xinjiang’), although many Uyghurs use the name East Turkestan. by East Turkestan Islamic Party (ETIP); Eastern Turkistan Islamic Party; ETIM seeks to separate the Uighur people, an ethnically and religiously unique group, from China to create “East Turkestan. 0. Larger than Germany, Spain, and France combined, it shares borders with Mongolia, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and India, as well as Tibet to the south. Since the early 1950s Xinjiang has been The East Turkistan Government in Exile [a] (abbreviated as ETGE or ETGIE [1]), officially the Government in Exile of the Republic of East Turkistan, [b] is a political organization established and headquartered in Washington, D. . The East Turkestan Islamic Movement (ETIM), also known as the Turkistan Islamic Party (TIP) or the East Turkistan Islamic Party (ETIP), is an Islamic separatist group composed mostly of Uighurs in Xinjiang, China who wish to create an Islamic state called East Turkestan that would include parts of Turkey, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Pakistan, Afghanistan In the meantime, when the leadership of the Xinjiang Peace and Democracy Defense League, which had been advocating complete independence for Xinjiang, was killed in a plane crash in 1949, Burhan Shahidi, a communist and chairman of the provisional government, signed a treaty of annexation with the People's Republic of China, which provided for the right Xinjiang's Production and Construction Corps, and the Sinification of Eastern Turkestan JAMES D. Kashgaria extended from the capital Kashgar in south-western Xinjiang to Ürümqi, Turfan, and Hami in central and eastern Xinjiang more than a thousand kilometers to the north-east, including a majority of what was known at the time as Chinese Turkestan or East Turkestan. DHARAMSHALA, Dec. Subsequently, the Qing began to colonize the area by settling Han Chinese and Hui (Chinese Muslims) colonists in East Turkestan. Since 2016, Uyghurs have been imprisoned in China’s “re-education camps” on an enormous scale, Turkestan as a whole. failing the timed decision)) Failing to Defend Dihua (not The name "East Turkestan" was created by the Russian Sinologist Nikita Bichurin to replace the term "Chinese Turkestan" in 1829. The PRC’s positive messaging about Xinjiang has been The Mission Covenant Church of Sweden (MCCS) worked in Eastern Turkestan (today known as the Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region) from 1892 until the last 3 missionaries left the country in 1938. The sanctions target the Canada Tibet Committee (CTC) The National Anthem of East Turkistan, Qurtulush Yolida [On the Path to Salvation], was a poem written by Memet Ali Tewfiq in 1933 and was first sung by the East Turkistani people as the official National Anthem of East The Turkistan Islamic Party (TIP) [note 1] is a Uyghur Islamic militant organization founded in Pakistan by Hasan Mahsum. [7]The Chinese government asserts that the TIP is synonymous with the East Turkestan Islamic Movement (ETIM). According to Abbas, even the official Uyghur population is shrouded in manipulation. The report concluds that serious human rights violations against the Uyghurs and “other predominantly Muslim communities” has been committed. Situated along the fabled ancient Silk Road, it has been a prominent centertur of commerce for more than 2,000 years. Abdulkerim Abbas (also russified as Abbasov; 1921 – 27 August 1949) was a Uyghur revolutionary active in Xinjiang, China, during the 20th century. The role of geopolitics in Turkey’s diplomatic approach to the Second East Turkestan Republic (1939–1949). East Turkestan Rugs – East Turkestan is a term that has been historically used to refer to the Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region, an area located in northwest China. The Second East Turkestan Republic, usually known as the East Turkestan Republic (ETR), was a short-lived Soviet-backed Turkic people's republic. On 27 June 1946, the Interim Government of the East Turkestan Republic passed Resolution 324 to transform the Interim Government of the East Turkestan Republic into the Ili District Council of Xinjiang Province and dissolve the ETR (the resolution used 'East Turkestan' to Previous CGTN documentaries dealt with the scale of violent incidents in Xinjiang, the role of the "East Turkestan Islamic Movement" (ETIM), the sacrifices made by people from all ethnicities in fighting extremism, and the ongoing challenges in Xinjiang's anti-terrorism efforts. png (file redirect) File:The Flag of East Turkistan Republic. The Turks, who were nomads originated in the Altai The Uyghurs of Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region (XUAR)—or East Turkestan, as many Uyghurs call their homeland in northwestern China, are an Indigenous, Muslim ethnic group whose culture and identity are being systematically destroyed by the Chinese state. On 27 June 1946, the Interim Government of the East Turkestan Republic passed Resolution 324 to transform the Interim Government of the East Turkestan Republic into the Ili District Council of Xinjiang Province and dissolve the ETR (the resolution used 'East Turkestan' to Should the Bughras triumph, East Turkestan will come to be dominated by a staunchly fundementalist Muslim government, one that will either focus its efforts internally to transform Xinjiang into a religiously and ethnically pure state, or turn its eyes to the outside world, with an aggressive and expansionist posture towards its closest neighbors. ETIM has been described by scholars as demanding total There is no organization that fully represents East Turkestan, but there is a fact that the East Turkestan Government-in-Exile is the only official institution for this region. The land of East Turkistan gave birth to many great civilizations and at various points in hi East Turkistan, the Uyghur homeland, is referred to as the ‘Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region’ by the Chinese regime. [1]At the exile of the imperial family in March 1924, Abdülkerim and his Tsering Dhundup. On May 23, 1998, members of the "East Turkistan Liberation Organization" who had sneaked into Xinjiang after receiving special training abroad, were Uyghur Genocide : UN Publish Report on Situation of Human Rights in Xinjang/East Turkestan, confirming Crimes Against Humanity Sep 1, 2022; Civil Society Calls for Urgent Measures to Protect Uyghurs at Risk of Refoulement Jun 17, 2022; Compromised Spaces : Uyghur Activist Recounts Ordeal of Chinese Surveillance and Intimidation in Norway East Turkestan, is a loosely-defined geographical region in the northwestern part of the People's Republic of China, which varies in meaning by context and usage. East Turkistan has been occupied by Communist China since 1949. The development marks a sign of growing coordination between Beijing and the Taliban East Turkistan, Uyghuristan, and Uyghurstan (Uyghur: Sherqiy Türkistan; Uyghuriye), refers to the eastern part of the greater Turkestan region of Central Asia. Xinjiang is an autonomous region in China and is home to roughly 9 million Turkic-speaking Uighurs (or Uyghurs). 66 million km 2. The TIP, also known as the East Turkestan Islamic Movement (ETIM), Within this context, let us analyze the Uyghur genocide currently unfolding in East Turkestan, renamed “Xinjiang,” or “new territory,” when it was annexed by Communist China in 1949, focusing The bingtuan, also known as the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps (XPCC), is a paramilitary organization in East Turkestan that answers directly to the central Chinese Communist Party (CCP) government The bingtuan (also known as the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps (XPCC) or in Mandarin: xinjiang shengchang jianshe bingtuan—(this report will refer to the group as the bingtuan), is a paramilitary Although historically distinct from China, the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region (Xinjiang), also known as Eastern Turkestan, comprises approximately one-sixth of the land area of the People’s Republic of China. It is often described as the Second East Turkestan Republic to differentiate it from the First East Turkestan Republic (1933–1934), but "second" was never a part of its official name. Chinese census data claims around 11-12 million Uyghurs, though she Eastern Turkestan Liberation Organization. It is populated by several peoples, among which Uyghurs (46% of the population, 2010 census) and Chinese (40. 5%, mainly concentrated in the far China’s concern stems from credible reports of the Turkestan Islamic Party (TIP) fighting alongside HTS. The ETR existed in the 1940s (November 12, 1944 – October 20, 1949) in present day Xinjiang. These rugs hail from East Turkestan, a central hub along the silk route for 1000’s of years. East Turkestan (东突厥斯坦) or East Turkistan, or Uyghurstan, varies in meaning by context and usage. [3] He was educated at the Galatasaray College, Istanbul. [163] In 1876, Eastern Turkestan was occupied by the Manchu rulers and in 1884 annexed as Xinjiang. png; File:Uyghur flag. 'Hami Uprising') was a rebellion of Kumulik Uyghurs from 1931 to 1934 who conspired with Hui Chinese Muslim General Ma Zhongying to overthrow Jin Shuren, governor of Xinjiang. Xinjiang has a rich history, serving as a cultural crossroads on the Established in 2004, the East Turkestan Government-in-Exile (ETGE) emerged as the official body representing the interests of East Turkestan and its people. In 1949, after the Chinese Nationalists (Kuomintang) lost the civil war in China, the Second East Turkestan Republic 's rulers refused to form a confederate relation within Mao Zedong 's People's Republic of China ; however, a plane crash killed many of the East As most of you know, the Uyghurs are the indigenous people of East Turkestan, also known as Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region. Behind this movement there is the Islamic-Turkish faith's influence that is still very active in West & Central Asia. The January 2007 Xinjiang raid was carried out on January 5, 2007, by Chinese paramilitary police against a suspected East Turkestan Islamic Movement (ETIM) training camp in Akto County in the Pamir plateau. In Chinese, “Xinjiang” means “new frontier”. Since the mid-1990s, however, when it became aware of the international aspects of this prob-lem, Beijing has begun to pressure Turkey to limit its support for Uyghur activism. It is often described as the First East Turkestan Republic to differentiate it from the Second East Turkestan Republic (1944–1946). Since then, the Chinese state has blamed most unrest in Xinjiang on ETIM and other “Eastern Turkestan elements” and demonized all Uyghur discontent as inspired by terrorism and religious extremism. The term was coined in the 19th century by Russian Turkologists including "Xinjiang" or "Ice Jecen" in Manchu, literally means "New Frontier," a name given during the Manchu Qing Dynasty in China. Founders of this republic, influenced by Pan-Islamism and Pan-Turkism used it to promote a TurkicMuslim identity independent from Chinese and Soviet control and unique to the sedentary, oasis-dwellers of Xinjiang. The East Turkestan Islamic Movement (ETIM) is a Muslim separatist group founded by militant Uighurs, members of the Turkic-speaking ethnic majority in northwest China’s Xinjiang EAST TURKISTAN Brief History East Turkistan, also known as the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of China, lies in the very heart of Asia. ETIM’s connection to the Taliban, along with other China has often blamed ETIM - the East Turkestan Islamic Movement - or people inspired by ETIM for violent incidents both in Xinjiang and beyond the region's borders. “Han Migration and Social Changes in Xinjiang. Discrepancies in Uyghur Population Numbers. —. This region is (Xinjiang clique; 1st East Turkestan Republic; 2nd East Turkestan Republic) Xinjiang Province, People's Republic of China; Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (Production and Construction Corps; Xinjiang conflict. Xinjiang, [a] officially the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, [11] [12] is an autonomous region of the People's Republic of China (PRC), located in the northwest of the country at the crossroads of Central Asia and East Asia. Michelle Bachelet published on Wednesday 31 August the long-awaited report about the situation of Human Rights in Xinjiang/East Turkestan. 23: China has imposed sanctions on two Canadian organisations and 20 individuals connected to Tibet and East Turkestan (CH: Xinjiang) advocacy efforts. walu qxvj lnd vqa xiun hdxdvv mayhfz fjxe hlcet dkhnrh